Supporting records
This is a supporting library of researched 14-stage processes and sources. Answer the intended-parent questions to search for possible routes based on documented cases.
Search possible routes for my situationDestination
Australian intended parents using an Australian gestational carrier need a state-specific altruistic pathway completed before conception, registered or accredited ART, counselling and legal steps, documented lawful costs, birth-parent registration, and a post-birth court order. New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria are modeled separately; Victoria adds Patient Review Panel approval and a distinct arrangement and registration sequence.
Destination
Brazilian intended parents using a Brazilian gestational carrier follow a non-commercial clinical pathway under CFM Resolution 2320/2022, a licensed CRHA process, and a CNJ civil-registration pathway. The carrier ordinarily must have a living child and a blood relationship through the fourth degree; non-relative cases require prior CRM authorization. Sao Paulo is modeled as a separate regional overlay with detailed authorization, evidence, and transfer rules.
Destination
Canadian intended parents using a Canadian gestational carrier must comply with federal prohibitions on consideration and paid arrangement services, document permitted reimbursements, and complete the selected province's agreement, post-birth consent, parentage, and birth-registration process. British Columbia and Ontario are separate options, not one national workflow.
UK intended parents using a Canadian gestational carrier must satisfy Canada's federal altruistic and reimbursement rules plus BC or Ontario parentage and birth registration, then separately secure a British passport or visa and a UK parental order or adoption. Canadian parentage documents do not transfer UK legal parenthood.
Australian intended parents using a Canadian gestational carrier must confirm their state or territory offence position, comply with Canada's altruistic and reimbursement rules, complete BC or Ontario parentage, and obtain an Australian citizenship-by-descent or visa determination and passport consent before return.
Japan intended parents using a Canadian gestational carrier must comply with Canada's altruistic and province-specific parentage process, then separately resolve Japanese legal motherhood, nationality, the overseas birth and nationality-reservation deadline, koseki registration, and any acknowledgement or adoption fallback. Canadian records do not settle Japanese status.
Destination
A Greek domestic route requires an applicant woman and gestational carrier both domiciled in Greece, a medically proven inability of the applicant to carry, a no-carrier-oocyte embryo plan, current age and health eligibility, an altruistic written agreement with relevant partner consent, a court authorization that becomes irrevocable before transfer, treatment in a licensed ART unit, receipt-controlled statutory expenses and compensation, Article 1464 intended motherhood at birth, and civil-record, citizenship, benefit, and lifelong-record closure.
Destination
Israeli resident intended parents and an eligible Israeli resident gestational carrier need at least one intended-parent genetic link, a complete medical, psychological, legal, insurance, trust, and payment dossier, separate counsel, Approval Committee approval and signature before performance, treatment in a recognized Israeli unit under the approved agreement, pregnancy and approved-payment controls, immediate social-worker birth notice and supervised handover, a Family Court parentage-order application within seven days, and Population Registry, birth-certificate, citizenship, passport, benefit, and trust closure.
Destination
New Zealand intended parents and a New Zealand gestational carrier using clinic-assisted IVF need an Oranga Tamariki preliminary suitability letter, anonymous ECART approval before treatment, independent advice and counselling, strict HART Act payment controls, an unenforceable statement of intentions, full adoption assessment during pregnancy, birth registration by the carrier and consenting partner where applicable, lawful placement approval, and post-birth Family Court adoption with a new birth certificate.
Destination
South African commissioning parents using a South African gestational surrogate need genuine domicile and High Court jurisdiction, permanent and irreversible inability to give birth, at least one commissioning parent's genetic contribution, a suitable altruistic surrogate with a prior viable delivery and living child, ordinary partner consent or a court-accepted section 293(3) exception, child-welfare evidence, a written agreement confirmed before treatment, an authorized clinic within the 18-month order window, section 301 payment controls, and section 297 parentage and Home Affairs registration from birth.
Destination
UK intended parents using a gestational carrier in England or Wales need a non-commercial and non-enforceable arrangement, licensed-clinic and genetic-link planning, legal-at-birth registration, a case-specific nationality determination, and a post-birth parental order. The surrogate remains the legal mother until the court transfers parenthood.
Destination
Singapore intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, followed by case-specific Singapore citizenship and possible adoption review. Singapore's official policy distinguishes married couples with medically assessed infertility from single and same-sex family structures and does not guarantee adoption.
Taiwan intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, then Taiwan nationality, foreign-judgment effect, parentage, settlement, household registration, and possible adoption review. Official Taiwan interpretations show that the result is fact- and judgment-specific.
UK intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, a child nationality/passport or visa route for return, and a UK parental order after the child is living with them in the UK. A foreign birth certificate or parentage order does not itself transfer UK legal parenthood.
Australian intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need an Australian state or territory offence screen, state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, then a surrogacy-specific citizenship-by-descent or visa assessment and passport process. The overseas-born child is not automatically an Australian citizen.
Japanese intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, but Japanese nationality requires a legal Japanese parent at birth and koseki treatment is not settled by the foreign order alone. Overseas birth and nationality reservation deadlines must be handled while parentage or adoption fallback is reviewed.
Korean intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records, but Korean legal motherhood and family-registration treatment cannot be inferred from the U.S. order. Korean Supreme Court authority makes the birth mother's status and any recognition or adoption fallback a pre-commitment legal issue.
China intended parents using a U.S. gestational carrier need state-specific U.S. parentage and birth records plus a Chinese nationality determination based on each Chinese parent's overseas settlement and the child's foreign nationality at birth. A uniform official surrogacy-specific parentage and hukou process was not found, so the return-home route remains highly uncertain.
Destination
Uruguay's domestic gestational-surrogacy route is a narrow statutory exception. An intended woman with a genetically or acquired-disease-based inability to carry may use a qualifying own embryo with her or her partner's second-degree blood relative under a gratuitous all-party agreement, treating-team diagnosis, Honorary Commission evaluation, authorized high-complexity clinic, and review-limited Civil Registry implementation. It is not an open commercial or foreign-intended parent route.
